Thomas Jefferson proposed a different method for apportionment. After Washington vetoed Hamilton’s method, Jefferson’s method was adopted, and used in Congress from 1791 through 1842. Jefferson, of course, had political reasons for wanting his method to be used rather than Hamilton’s. Primarily, his method favors larger states, and his own home state of Virginia was the largest in the country at the time. He would also argue that it’s the ratio of people to representatives that is the critical thing, and apportionment methods should be based on that. But the paradoxes we saw also provide mathematical reasons for concluding that Hamilton’s method isn’t so good, and while Jefferson’s method might or might not be the best one to replace it, at least we should look for other possibilities.
The first steps of Jefferson’s method are the same as Hamilton’s method. He finds the same divisor and the same quota, and cuts off the decimal parts in the same way, giving a total number of representatives that is less than the required total. The difference is in how Jefferson resolves that difference. He says that since we ended up with an answer that is too small, our divisor must have been too big. He changes the divisor by making it smaller, finding new quotas with the new divisor, cutting off the decimal parts, and looking at the new total, until we find a divisor that produces the required total.
Definition3.2.1Jefferson’s Method
Determine how many people each representative should represent. Do this by dividing the total population of all the states by the total number of representatives. This answer is called the standard divisor.
Divide each state’s population by the divisor to determine how many representatives it should have. Record this answer to several decimal places. This answer is called the quota.
Cut off all the decimal parts of all the quotas (but don’t forget what the decimals were). These are the lower quotas. Add up the remaining whole numbers. This answer will always be less than or equal to the total number of representatives.
If the total from Step 3 was less than the total number of representatives, reduce the divisor and recalculate the quota and allocation. Continue doing this until the total in Step 3 is equal to the total number of representatives. The divisor we end up using is called the modified divisor or adjusted divisor.
Example3.2.2
Figure3.2.3 Video solution by David Lippman
We’ll return to Delaware and apply Jefferson’s method. We begin, as we did with Hamilton’s method, by finding the quotas with the original divisor, 21,900.82927:
County
Population
Quota
Initial
Kent
162,310
7.4111
7
New Castle
538,479
24.5872
24
Sussex
197,145
9.0017
9
Total
897,934
40
We need 41 representatives, and this divisor gives only 40. We must reduce the divisor until we get 41 representatives. Let’s try 21,500 as the divisor:
County
Population
Quota
Initial
Kent
162,310
7.5493
7
New Castle
538,479
24.0455
25
Sussex
197,145
9.1695
9
Total
897,934
41
This gives us the required 41 representatives, so we’re done. If we had fewer than 41, we’d need to reduce the divisor more. If we had more than 41, we’d need to choose a divisor less than the original but greater than the second choice.
Notice that with the new, lower divisor, the quota for New Castle County (the largest county in the state) increased by much more than those of Kent County or Sussex County.
Example3.2.4
Figure3.2.5 Video solution by David Lippman
We’ll apply Jefferson’s method for Rhode Island. The original divisor of 14,034.22667 gave these results:
County
Population
Quota
Initial
Bristol
49,875
3.5538
3
Kent
166,158
11.8395
11
Newport
82,888
5.9061
5
Providence
626,667
44.6528
44
Washington
126,979
9.0478
9
Total
1,052,567
72
We need 75 representatives and we only have 72, so we need to use a smaller divisor. Let’s try 13,500:
County
Population
Quota
Initial
Bristol
49,875
3.6944
3
Kent
166,158
12.308
12
Newport
82,888
6.1399
6
Providence
626,667
46.4198
46
Washington
126,979
9.4059
9
Total
1,052,567
76
We’ve gone too far. We need a divisor that’s greater than 13,500 but less than 14,034.22667. Let’s try 13,700:
County
Population
Quota
Initial
Bristol
49,875
3.6405
3
Kent
166,158
12.1283
12
Newport
82,888
6.0502
6
Providence
626,667
45.7421
45
Washington
126,979
9.2685
9
Total
1,052,567
75
This works!
Notice, in comparison to Hamilton’s method, that although the results were the same, they came about in a different way, and the outcome was almost different. Providence County (the largest) almost went up to 46 representatives before Kent (which is much smaller) got to 12. Although that didn’t happen here, it can. Divisor-adjusting methods like Jefferson’s are not guaranteed to follow the quota rule!